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08-05-2003, 09:05 PM
ÇáÓáÇã Úáíßã
1.) SPELLING RULES FOR THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
a.) Add –ing to the base form of the verb.
read reading stand standing jump jumping
b.) If a verb ends in a silent –e, drop the final -e and add –ing.
leave leaving take taking receive receiving
c.) In a one-syllable word, if the last three letters are consonant-vowel-consonant combination (CVC), double
the last consonant before adding –ing.
sit sitting run running hop hopping
However, do not double the last consonant in word that end in w, x, or y.
sew sewing fix fixing enjoy enjoying
d.) In words of two or more syllables that end in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination, double the last
consonant only if the last syllable is stressed.
admit admitting regret regretting
e.) If a verb ends in –ie, change the –ie to y before adding -ing.
die dying
2.) SPELLING RULES FOR THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
a.) Add –s for most verbs
work works buy buys ride rides return returns
b.) Add –es for words that end in –ch, -s , -sh, -x, or –z.
watch watches pass passes rush rushes relax relaxes buzz buzzes
c.) Change the –y to –i and add –es when the base form ends in a consonant +y.
study studies hurry hurries dry dries
Do not change the –y when the base form ends in a vowel +y. Add –s
play plays enjoy enjoys
d.) A few verbs have irregular forms.
be is do does go goes have has
3.) SPELLING RULES FOR SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS
a.) If the verb ends in a consonant, add –ed.
return returned help helped cook *****d
b.) If the verb ends in –e, add –d.
live lived create created die died
c.) In one-syllable words, if the verb ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination (CVC), double the
last consonant and add -ed.
hop hopped rub rubbed
However, do not double one-syllable words ending in –w, -x, or –y.
bow bowed play played mix mixed
d.) In words of two or more syllables that end in consonant-vowel-consonant combination, double the last
consonant only if the last syllable is stressed.
prefer preferred (The last syllable is stressed) visit visited (The last syllable isn’t stressed)
e.) If the verb ends in a consonant, + y, change the -y to -i and –ed.
worry worried annoy annoyed
f.) If the verb ends in a vowel +y, add -ed. (Do not change the –y to –i.)
play played annoy annoyed
Exception: pay paid lay laid say said
4.) SPELLING RULES FOR THE COMPARATIVE (-ER) & SUPERLATIVES (-EST) ADJECTIVES
a.) Add –er to one-syllable adjectives to form the comparative. Add -est to one-syllable adjectives to form the superlative.
cheap cheaper cheapest bright brighter brightest
b.) If the adjective ends in –e, add –r or –st.
nice nicer nicest
c.) If the adjective ends in a consonant +y, change to y to i before you add –er or –est.
pretty prettier prettiest Exception: shy shyer shyest
d.) If the adjective ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination (CVC), double the final consonant
before adding –er or –est.
big bigger biggest
However, do not double the consonant in words ending in –w or –y.
slow slower slowest coy coyer coyest
5.) SPELLING RULES FOR ADVERBS
a.) Add –ly to the corresponding adjectives
nice nicely quiet quietly quick quickly beautiful beautifully
b. If the adjective ends in consonant +y, change the y to i before adding –ly
easy easily
c. If the adjective ends in –le, drop the -e and add –y.
possible possibly
However, do not drop the –e for other adjectives ending in –e.
extreme extremely Exception: true truly
d.) If the adjective ends in –ic, add -ally.
basic basically fantastic fantastically terrific terrifically
http://academic.cuesta.cc.ca.us/ahalderma/spell.htm
--------------------
A Few Spelling Rules
Here are a few rules. Keep the principles in mind--but don\'t bog down in the rules. (You\'ll do better simply memorizing the words you misspell.)
1. Keep the final e of the root word before adding a suffix beginning with a consonant (-ment, -ness, -less, -ful). (commencement, pronouncement, etc.)
4. On words ending with a consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the consonant before adding -ing. (drip/dripping; can/canning, etc.)
5. A word of more than one syllable ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, doubles the consonant before adding -ed or -ing: begin/beginning, compel/compelled, prefer/preferring, control/controlling . . .)
6. To retain the soft sound of the c (s sound) and of the g (j sound) in words ending in ce and ge, we keep the final e (peace/peaceable; replace/replaceable; arrange/arrangement; advantage/advantageous; notice/noticeable; change/changeable)
7. Words ending in two vowels (a vowel + final e) retain the final vowel (e) before adding a suffix. (see/seeable; shoe/shoeing; canoe/canoeing)
8. i before e except after c. Exceptions fit a jingle:
Neither leisured foreigner
Seized the weird height.
9. For words ending in c, insert k before adding -ing or -y. (picnic/picnicking; traffic/trafficking; panic/panicky . . .)
10. Use i before e unless the two letters are pronounced as in
The eight counterfeit steins
deceived the deity.
http://people.whitman.edu/~hashimiy/spelruls.htm
--------------------------------------------
SPELLING RULES
SPELLING PLURAL NOUNS
1. Most words add s to the root forms without any change (barn - barns).
2. Words ending in sh, ch, ss, x, and z, usually add es to form the PLURAL (bush - bushes).
3. Words ending in a consonant and y change the y to i and add es (party - parties).
4. Some words ending in f change the f to v and add es (calf - calves).
5. Some singular words have different words for their plural form (man - men; mouse - mice; goose-geese).
SUFFIXES
1. A letter or a syllable added to a word to form a new word is called a suffix. Some suffixes are s, es, ed, ing, er, est, ly, ful, able, ible, ment, ive, ance, ence, ion, tion, ition, ation, sion, ous, ious, less, and al. Sometimes a word will have two suffixes. For example, respectfully has the two suffixes ful and ly added to the root word respect.
2. Many words are formed by adding ed and ing without any change (furnish - furnished - furnishing).
3. Words ending in a silent e drop the e before adding ed and ing (move - moved - moving).
4. Words ending in a consonant and y change the y to i before adding ed, but do not make any change before adding ing (deny - denied - denying).
5. Words ending in a vowel and y add ed and ing without making any other change (delay - delayed - delaying).
PREFIXES
1. A syllable placed before a word to change its meaning is called a prefix. Some prefixes are im, un, in, co, dis, inter.
DOUBLING THE FINAL CONSONANT
1. Words of one syllable ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel double the final consonant before adding ed and ing (trim - trimmed - trimming).
2. Words of two or more syllables double the final consonant before adding ed and ing when these conditions are met: the last syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, and the accent is on the last syllable (refer - referred - referring).
POSSESSIVE FORMS
1. Singular nouns form the possessive by adding an apostrophe and s (pilot - pilot’s).
2. Plural nouns that end in s add only an apostrophe to form the possessive (aviators - aviators’).
3. Plural nouns that do not end in s add the apostrophe and s to form the possessive (men - men’s).
CONTRACTIONS
1. A word or phrase that has been shortened by leaving out some of the letters is called a contraction.
2. An apostrophe is used to show that the letters have been omitted (won’t - will not), (o’clock - of the clock).
CAPITALS
1. The beginning of a sentence is always capitalized (The day was bright and sunny.).
2. The names of holidays are capitalized (Christmas, Valentine’s Day).
3. The names of the months of the year and the days of the week are capitalized (January, Monday).
4. The names of countries are capitalized (United States, Great Britain).
5. When you write the name of a particular avenue or street, capitalize the words avenue and street (Fifth Avenue, Oak Street).
6. The abbreviations Mr., Mrs. and Ms. are always capitalized and followed by a period (Mr. Callahan, Mrs. Perry, Ms. Smith).
7. The names of deities are capitalized (God, Allah, Buddha, Saviour).
8. The word republican is capitalized when it refers to the Republican party (The Republicans won the election.).
9. When words like senator and general are used as titles with a person’s name, they are capitalized (General Herkes distinguished herself in battle.).
10. We capitalize the words capitol, senate, building, supreme and court when referring to the Capitol Building, the Senate, the Supreme Court of Canada.
LETTERS AND SYLLABLES
1. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y and w. The other letters are consonants.
2. Two vowels written together often have the sound of a single vowel. (In brain the ai has the sound of a. In eagle the ea has the sound of a long e, but in bread it has the sound of short e. This rule will help you with the hard ei and ie words: I comes before e except after c or when sounded like a, as in neighbor and weigh.
3. A syllable is a word or part of a word which has one vowel sound and is spoken as a unit. (boy is a one-syllable word; chil dren is a two-syllable word; or na ment is a three syllable word. In every word of two or more syllables one syllable is given more emphasis than the other. This extra emphasis is called accent, and is shown in the dictionary by an accent mark ( \' )
1. (In meet\' ing the first syllable is accented.) Most words have only one accented syllable, but some have more than one (in\' for ma\' tion). The accent that is the heavier is called the primary accent. The other accent is called the secondary accent.
4. In your dictionary each word is respelled according to its pronunciation. The vowels are marked according to their sounds, and the accented syllables are shown. The marks for the vowel sounds and the accented syllables are shown. The marks for the vowel sounds are called diacritical marks. (photograph - fō\' - to • graf)
5. The two words at the top of each dictionary page are called guide words. The guide words are the first and last words on that particular page.
SPECIAL WORDS
1. Compound Words are made by writing two small words together to make one larger word. (newspaper, somebody)
2. A root word is the root, or beginning word, from which another word is made. Play is the root word of plays, played and playing.
3. Derived words are words that come from other words. Suitable is derived from suit; advertisement from advertise. Sometimes the spelling of the root word is slightly changed in the derived word.
4. A synonym is a word having almost the same meaning as another word. (replied - answered; accurate - exact)
5. An antonym is a word that is opposite in meaning to another word. (private -public; good - bad)
6. Homonyms are words that are pronounced alike but which are spelled in different ways and have different meanings (knew - new; steel - steal; deer - dear)
http://www.splashesfromtheriver.com/spelling/spelling_rules.htm
-----------------------------
1.) SPELLING RULES FOR THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
a.) Add –ing to the base form of the verb.
read reading stand standing jump jumping
b.) If a verb ends in a silent –e, drop the final -e and add –ing.
leave leaving take taking receive receiving
c.) In a one-syllable word, if the last three letters are consonant-vowel-consonant combination (CVC), double
the last consonant before adding –ing.
sit sitting run running hop hopping
However, do not double the last consonant in word that end in w, x, or y.
sew sewing fix fixing enjoy enjoying
d.) In words of two or more syllables that end in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination, double the last
consonant only if the last syllable is stressed.
admit admitting regret regretting
e.) If a verb ends in –ie, change the –ie to y before adding -ing.
die dying
2.) SPELLING RULES FOR THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
a.) Add –s for most verbs
work works buy buys ride rides return returns
b.) Add –es for words that end in –ch, -s , -sh, -x, or –z.
watch watches pass passes rush rushes relax relaxes buzz buzzes
c.) Change the –y to –i and add –es when the base form ends in a consonant +y.
study studies hurry hurries dry dries
Do not change the –y when the base form ends in a vowel +y. Add –s
play plays enjoy enjoys
d.) A few verbs have irregular forms.
be is do does go goes have has
3.) SPELLING RULES FOR SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS
a.) If the verb ends in a consonant, add –ed.
return returned help helped cook *****d
b.) If the verb ends in –e, add –d.
live lived create created die died
c.) In one-syllable words, if the verb ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination (CVC), double the
last consonant and add -ed.
hop hopped rub rubbed
However, do not double one-syllable words ending in –w, -x, or –y.
bow bowed play played mix mixed
d.) In words of two or more syllables that end in consonant-vowel-consonant combination, double the last
consonant only if the last syllable is stressed.
prefer preferred (The last syllable is stressed) visit visited (The last syllable isn’t stressed)
e.) If the verb ends in a consonant, + y, change the -y to -i and –ed.
worry worried annoy annoyed
f.) If the verb ends in a vowel +y, add -ed. (Do not change the –y to –i.)
play played annoy annoyed
Exception: pay paid lay laid say said
4.) SPELLING RULES FOR THE COMPARATIVE (-ER) & SUPERLATIVES (-EST) ADJECTIVES
a.) Add –er to one-syllable adjectives to form the comparative. Add -est to one-syllable adjectives to form the superlative.
cheap cheaper cheapest bright brighter brightest
b.) If the adjective ends in –e, add –r or –st.
nice nicer nicest
c.) If the adjective ends in a consonant +y, change to y to i before you add –er or –est.
pretty prettier prettiest Exception: shy shyer shyest
d.) If the adjective ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination (CVC), double the final consonant
before adding –er or –est.
big bigger biggest
However, do not double the consonant in words ending in –w or –y.
slow slower slowest coy coyer coyest
5.) SPELLING RULES FOR ADVERBS
a.) Add –ly to the corresponding adjectives
nice nicely quiet quietly quick quickly beautiful beautifully
b. If the adjective ends in consonant +y, change the y to i before adding –ly
easy easily
c. If the adjective ends in –le, drop the -e and add –y.
possible possibly
However, do not drop the –e for other adjectives ending in –e.
extreme extremely Exception: true truly
d.) If the adjective ends in –ic, add -ally.
basic basically fantastic fantastically terrific terrifically
http://academic.cuesta.cc.ca.us/ahalderma/spell.htm
--------------------
A Few Spelling Rules
Here are a few rules. Keep the principles in mind--but don\'t bog down in the rules. (You\'ll do better simply memorizing the words you misspell.)
1. Keep the final e of the root word before adding a suffix beginning with a consonant (-ment, -ness, -less, -ful). (commencement, pronouncement, etc.)
4. On words ending with a consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the consonant before adding -ing. (drip/dripping; can/canning, etc.)
5. A word of more than one syllable ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, doubles the consonant before adding -ed or -ing: begin/beginning, compel/compelled, prefer/preferring, control/controlling . . .)
6. To retain the soft sound of the c (s sound) and of the g (j sound) in words ending in ce and ge, we keep the final e (peace/peaceable; replace/replaceable; arrange/arrangement; advantage/advantageous; notice/noticeable; change/changeable)
7. Words ending in two vowels (a vowel + final e) retain the final vowel (e) before adding a suffix. (see/seeable; shoe/shoeing; canoe/canoeing)
8. i before e except after c. Exceptions fit a jingle:
Neither leisured foreigner
Seized the weird height.
9. For words ending in c, insert k before adding -ing or -y. (picnic/picnicking; traffic/trafficking; panic/panicky . . .)
10. Use i before e unless the two letters are pronounced as in
The eight counterfeit steins
deceived the deity.
http://people.whitman.edu/~hashimiy/spelruls.htm
--------------------------------------------
SPELLING RULES
SPELLING PLURAL NOUNS
1. Most words add s to the root forms without any change (barn - barns).
2. Words ending in sh, ch, ss, x, and z, usually add es to form the PLURAL (bush - bushes).
3. Words ending in a consonant and y change the y to i and add es (party - parties).
4. Some words ending in f change the f to v and add es (calf - calves).
5. Some singular words have different words for their plural form (man - men; mouse - mice; goose-geese).
SUFFIXES
1. A letter or a syllable added to a word to form a new word is called a suffix. Some suffixes are s, es, ed, ing, er, est, ly, ful, able, ible, ment, ive, ance, ence, ion, tion, ition, ation, sion, ous, ious, less, and al. Sometimes a word will have two suffixes. For example, respectfully has the two suffixes ful and ly added to the root word respect.
2. Many words are formed by adding ed and ing without any change (furnish - furnished - furnishing).
3. Words ending in a silent e drop the e before adding ed and ing (move - moved - moving).
4. Words ending in a consonant and y change the y to i before adding ed, but do not make any change before adding ing (deny - denied - denying).
5. Words ending in a vowel and y add ed and ing without making any other change (delay - delayed - delaying).
PREFIXES
1. A syllable placed before a word to change its meaning is called a prefix. Some prefixes are im, un, in, co, dis, inter.
DOUBLING THE FINAL CONSONANT
1. Words of one syllable ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel double the final consonant before adding ed and ing (trim - trimmed - trimming).
2. Words of two or more syllables double the final consonant before adding ed and ing when these conditions are met: the last syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, and the accent is on the last syllable (refer - referred - referring).
POSSESSIVE FORMS
1. Singular nouns form the possessive by adding an apostrophe and s (pilot - pilot’s).
2. Plural nouns that end in s add only an apostrophe to form the possessive (aviators - aviators’).
3. Plural nouns that do not end in s add the apostrophe and s to form the possessive (men - men’s).
CONTRACTIONS
1. A word or phrase that has been shortened by leaving out some of the letters is called a contraction.
2. An apostrophe is used to show that the letters have been omitted (won’t - will not), (o’clock - of the clock).
CAPITALS
1. The beginning of a sentence is always capitalized (The day was bright and sunny.).
2. The names of holidays are capitalized (Christmas, Valentine’s Day).
3. The names of the months of the year and the days of the week are capitalized (January, Monday).
4. The names of countries are capitalized (United States, Great Britain).
5. When you write the name of a particular avenue or street, capitalize the words avenue and street (Fifth Avenue, Oak Street).
6. The abbreviations Mr., Mrs. and Ms. are always capitalized and followed by a period (Mr. Callahan, Mrs. Perry, Ms. Smith).
7. The names of deities are capitalized (God, Allah, Buddha, Saviour).
8. The word republican is capitalized when it refers to the Republican party (The Republicans won the election.).
9. When words like senator and general are used as titles with a person’s name, they are capitalized (General Herkes distinguished herself in battle.).
10. We capitalize the words capitol, senate, building, supreme and court when referring to the Capitol Building, the Senate, the Supreme Court of Canada.
LETTERS AND SYLLABLES
1. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y and w. The other letters are consonants.
2. Two vowels written together often have the sound of a single vowel. (In brain the ai has the sound of a. In eagle the ea has the sound of a long e, but in bread it has the sound of short e. This rule will help you with the hard ei and ie words: I comes before e except after c or when sounded like a, as in neighbor and weigh.
3. A syllable is a word or part of a word which has one vowel sound and is spoken as a unit. (boy is a one-syllable word; chil dren is a two-syllable word; or na ment is a three syllable word. In every word of two or more syllables one syllable is given more emphasis than the other. This extra emphasis is called accent, and is shown in the dictionary by an accent mark ( \' )
1. (In meet\' ing the first syllable is accented.) Most words have only one accented syllable, but some have more than one (in\' for ma\' tion). The accent that is the heavier is called the primary accent. The other accent is called the secondary accent.
4. In your dictionary each word is respelled according to its pronunciation. The vowels are marked according to their sounds, and the accented syllables are shown. The marks for the vowel sounds and the accented syllables are shown. The marks for the vowel sounds are called diacritical marks. (photograph - fō\' - to • graf)
5. The two words at the top of each dictionary page are called guide words. The guide words are the first and last words on that particular page.
SPECIAL WORDS
1. Compound Words are made by writing two small words together to make one larger word. (newspaper, somebody)
2. A root word is the root, or beginning word, from which another word is made. Play is the root word of plays, played and playing.
3. Derived words are words that come from other words. Suitable is derived from suit; advertisement from advertise. Sometimes the spelling of the root word is slightly changed in the derived word.
4. A synonym is a word having almost the same meaning as another word. (replied - answered; accurate - exact)
5. An antonym is a word that is opposite in meaning to another word. (private -public; good - bad)
6. Homonyms are words that are pronounced alike but which are spelled in different ways and have different meanings (knew - new; steel - steal; deer - dear)
http://www.splashesfromtheriver.com/spelling/spelling_rules.htm
-----------------------------